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2008年美国的人权纪录

发布时间:2009-03-03 浏览次数:
><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=center><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">2008</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">年美国的人权纪录<SPAN lang="EN-US"><?xml:namespace prefix="o" ns="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></B></P> <P class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: center; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">国务院新闻办公室<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: center; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">2009</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">年<SPAN lang="EN-US">2</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">26</SPAN>日<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">2009</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">年<SPAN lang="EN-US">2</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">25</SPAN>日,美国国务院发表了《<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年国别人权报告》,再次对包括中国在内的世界<SPAN lang="EN-US">190</SPAN>多个国家和地区的人权状况进行指责,而对自己糟糕的人权纪录只字不提。为了让世界人民全面了解美国人权的实际状况,敦促美国反思其不当作为,我们特发表《<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年美国的人权纪录》。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><B><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">一、关于生命和人身安全</SPAN></B><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">美国暴力犯罪严重,危及公民的生命、财产和人身安全。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">据美国联邦调查局<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年公布的报告,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2007</SPAN>年,全美共发生约<SPAN lang="EN-US">140</SPAN>万起暴力犯罪,<SPAN lang="EN-US">17000</SPAN>多起谋杀案<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">1)</SPAN>,<SPAN lang="EN-US">980</SPAN>万起财产犯罪案件。<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">2)</SPAN>其中,抢劫案<SPAN lang="EN-US">445125</SPAN>件,比过去<SPAN lang="EN-US">5</SPAN>年上升了<SPAN lang="EN-US">7.5%</SPAN>。<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">3)</SPAN>在人口<SPAN lang="EN-US">10</SPAN>万以下<SPAN lang="EN-US">5</SPAN>万以上的城市中,谋杀案比<SPAN lang="EN-US">2006</SPAN>年上升<SPAN lang="EN-US">3.7%</SPAN>。<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">4)</SPAN>在人口<SPAN lang="EN-US">3</SPAN>万以下<SPAN lang="EN-US">1</SPAN>万以上的城市中,暴力犯罪比<SPAN lang="EN-US">2006</SPAN>年上升了<SPAN lang="EN-US">2.4%</SPAN>。<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">5)</SPAN>美国<SPAN lang="EN-US">12</SPAN>岁以上公民共经历<SPAN lang="EN-US">2300</SPAN>万起暴力和盗窃犯罪,其中暴力犯罪的发生率达每千人<SPAN lang="EN-US">20.7</SPAN>起,财产犯罪达每千家庭<SPAN lang="EN-US">146.5</SPAN>起。<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">6)</SPAN>据统计,在美国暴力和杀人率较高的城市中,新奥尔良每<SPAN lang="EN-US">10</SPAN>万居民中的谋杀案为<SPAN lang="EN-US">95</SPAN>起,巴尔的摩<SPAN lang="EN-US">45</SPAN>起,底特律<SPAN lang="EN-US">44</SPAN>起,路易斯<SPAN lang="EN-US">40</SPAN>起,费城<SPAN lang="EN-US">27.8</SPAN>起,休斯敦<SPAN lang="EN-US">16.2</SPAN>起,达拉斯<SPAN lang="EN-US">16.1</SPAN>起。<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">7)</SPAN>在美国,平均每<SPAN lang="EN-US">31</SPAN>分钟发生一起谋杀案,每<SPAN lang="EN-US">5.8</SPAN>分钟发生一起强奸案,每<SPAN lang="EN-US">14.5</SPAN>秒发生一起入室抢劫案。<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">8)<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">美国枪支泛滥成灾。《基督教科学箴言报》<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">6</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">27</SPAN>日报道,美国最高法院做出裁决,明确个人有权持有和使用枪支。据统计,美国约有<SPAN lang="EN-US">2</SPAN>亿支私人枪支,其中包括<SPAN lang="EN-US">6000</SPAN>万至<SPAN lang="EN-US">6500</SPAN>万支手枪。有<SPAN lang="EN-US">48</SPAN>个州规定公民有权携带枪支,<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">9)</SPAN>其中<SPAN lang="EN-US">35</SPAN>个州不经过任何背景审查就可以购得枪支。<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">10)</SPAN>在田纳西州纳什维尔的一家枪支商店,仅<SPAN lang="EN-US">11</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">5</SPAN>日当天就售出了<SPAN lang="EN-US">70</SPAN>支枪。<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">11)</SPAN>费城、洛杉矶、旧金山等<SPAN lang="EN-US">20</SPAN>多个机场允许有枪支许可的人携带枪支到安检口。<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">12)</SPAN>在得克萨斯州北部的学校,校方允许教师携带枪支到校。<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">13)</SPAN>《华盛顿邮报》<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">12</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">5</SPAN>日报道,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2007</SPAN>年,西弗吉尼亚、密西西比、南卡罗来纳、弗吉尼亚等<SPAN lang="EN-US">10</SPAN>个州提供了其他各州涉枪案件中被缴获枪支的<SPAN lang="EN-US">57%</SPAN>。枪支出口率最高的<SPAN lang="EN-US">10</SPAN>个州比最低的<SPAN lang="EN-US">10</SPAN>个州的枪杀案高出近<SPAN lang="EN-US">60%</SPAN>。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">枪杀事件频发,威胁公民的生命安全。据美国疾病控制和预防中心<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">10</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">3</SPAN>日统计,有<SPAN lang="EN-US">135</SPAN>万名美国中学生在学校附近遭遇过一次武器威胁或被打伤。<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">14)</SPAN>哈佛大学在<SPAN lang="EN-US">2006</SPAN>年一项对<SPAN lang="EN-US">1200</SPAN>名学生的调查表明,<SPAN lang="EN-US">20%</SPAN>的学生曾亲眼目睹过枪击事件,<SPAN lang="EN-US">40%</SPAN>的学生认为得到一支枪非常容易,<SPAN lang="EN-US">28%</SPAN>的学生表示在乘坐公共汽车、火车时没有安全感。芝加哥公立学校在<SPAN lang="EN-US">2007</SPAN>至<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>学年,有<SPAN lang="EN-US">34</SPAN>名学生遇害身亡。<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">15) 2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">2</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">7</SPAN>日起一周之内,美国连续发生<SPAN lang="EN-US">7</SPAN>起枪杀事件,导致<SPAN lang="EN-US">23</SPAN>人死亡,几十人受伤;<SPAN lang="EN-US">3</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">27</SPAN>日,佐治亚州和肯塔基州共有<SPAN lang="EN-US">5</SPAN>人被枪杀<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">16)</SPAN>;<SPAN lang="EN-US">4</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">18</SPAN>日晚上<SPAN lang="EN-US">2</SPAN>小时内,芝加哥市就发生了<SPAN lang="EN-US">9</SPAN>起枪击事件;<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">17)11</SPAN>月,巴尔的摩市遭遇了<SPAN lang="EN-US">31</SPAN>起枪击案。<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">18)12</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">24</SPAN>日圣诞夜,洛杉矶一名男子装扮成圣诞老人袭击了其前岳父母的住宅,他向屋内正在进行圣诞平安夜聚会的人群开枪,当场造成<SPAN lang="EN-US">8</SPAN>人死亡,<SPAN lang="EN-US">3</SPAN>人受伤,另有<SPAN lang="EN-US">3</SPAN>人失踪。<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">19)<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><B><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">二、关于公民和政治权利</SPAN></B><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">在美国,公民权利受到越来越多的限制。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">据《华盛顿邮报》网站<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">4</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">4</SPAN>日报道,一项已运用的新监视技术“深度包检测”能够记录用户访问的每一个网页、发出的每一封邮件和进行的每一次搜索。据统计,美国至少有<SPAN lang="EN-US">10</SPAN>万名网络用户被跟踪,服务商曾对多达<SPAN lang="EN-US">10%</SPAN>的美国网络用户进行过测试。<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">20)</SPAN>美国联邦调查局参与了美国政府在国内开展的非法监视活动,通过非正当方式获得成千上万人的电话记录、银行账户及其他个人信息。《西雅图时报》<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">7</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">15</SPAN>日报道,白宫<SPAN lang="EN-US">7</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">10</SPAN>日签署的新版窃听法是“对美国公民的安全至关重要的标志性立法”。这一法律按照行政当局的要求给予参与窃听项目的电信公司以法律豁免权,同时授权行政当局可以为了反恐需要对通信方在美国境外的国际间通信进行未经法庭允许的窃听活动。美国国土安全部<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">7</SPAN>月宣布,作为过境搜查政策的组成部分,联邦官员可以在旅客没做出任何错事的情况下,把旅客的手提电脑或其他电子设备无限期地带离现场。<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">21)</SPAN>《纽约时报》<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">12</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">8</SPAN>日报道,调查发现美国政府在审理涉嫌参与恐怖袭击被捕入狱的北弗吉尼亚学者阿里·提米米案时,刻意隐瞒了通过对嫌疑人实施非法监听获得的资料,这些资料有可能会成为证明美国政府的监听行为损害公民权利的证据。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">警察滥施暴力,侵犯公民权利。据《芝加哥论坛报》<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">6</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">25</SPAN>日报道,芝加哥市<SPAN lang="EN-US">6</SPAN>月的两周内就发生<SPAN lang="EN-US">8</SPAN>起警察枪击事件,其中<SPAN lang="EN-US">5</SPAN>起致命。如在<SPAN lang="EN-US">6</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">22</SPAN>日,<SPAN lang="EN-US">39</SPAN>岁的清洁工沙佩尔·特雪尔在公寓楼道内被警察打死。<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">22)6</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">24</SPAN>日,芝加哥<SPAN lang="EN-US">18</SPAN>岁的路易斯·科隆在餐馆和朋友聚餐时,受到便衣警察例行盘查,科隆因害怕而逃跑,被警察击毙。<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">23)8</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">2</SPAN>日清晨,<SPAN lang="EN-US">20</SPAN>岁的达里尔·巴特尔在纽约布鲁克林公寓中被警察打死。<SPAN lang="EN-US">10</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">15</SPAN>日,<SPAN lang="EN-US">3</SPAN>名警察在纽约布鲁克林地铁站逮捕迈克尔·米尼奥时,对其进行鸡奸,把警棍捅入其肛门造成体内受伤。<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">24)11</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">13</SPAN>日,在纽约科尼艾兰教堂外的停车场,吉尔伯托·布兰可因向警方挥舞折叠椅,被女警察击毙。<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">25)<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">1)</SPAN>《华盛顿时报》,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">6</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">10</SPAN>日。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">2)</SPAN>《世界日报》,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">9</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">16</SPAN>日。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">3)</SPAN>《华盛顿邮报》,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">9</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">16</SPAN>日。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">4)</SPAN>《华盛顿时报》,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">6</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">10</SPAN>日。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">5)</SPAN>《华盛顿邮报》,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">9</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">16</SPAN>日。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">6) Criminal Victimization 2007</SPAN>,<SPAN lang="EN-US">U.S. Department of Justice</SPAN>,<SPAN lang="EN-US">in:http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov</SPAN>。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">7) Crime down in U.S. and Phila:but the decline in violent crime here still left the city with the highest numbers among the 10 biggest cities,in:http://www.lexisnexis.com</SPAN>。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">8)</SPAN>《华盛顿邮报》,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">9</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">16</SPAN>日。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">9)</SPAN>《侨报》,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">10</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">16</SPAN>日。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">10) </SPAN>合众国际社,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">10</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">3</SPAN>日。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">11) In:http://www.usqiaobao.com</SPAN>。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">12)</SPAN>《侨报》,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">10</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">16</SPAN>日。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">13)</SPAN>《纽约时报》,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">8</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">29</SPAN>日。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">14) </SPAN>合众国际社,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">10</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">3</SPAN>日。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">15)</SPAN>《芝加哥论坛报》,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">4</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">2</SPAN>日。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">16) </SPAN>美联社,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">3</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">27</SPAN>日。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">17)</SPAN>《芝加哥论坛报》,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">4</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">21</SPAN>日。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">18)</SPAN>《巴尔的摩太阳报》,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">12</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">2</SPAN>日。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">19) Other recent mass slayings in social,in:http://www.nbclosangeles.com</SPAN>。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">20) </SPAN>《华盛顿邮报》,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">4</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">4</SPAN>日。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">21) </SPAN>《华盛顿邮报》,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">8</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">1</SPAN>日。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">22) </SPAN>《芝加哥论坛报》,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">6</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">23</SPAN>日。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">23) </SPAN>《芝加哥论坛报》,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">6</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">25</SPAN>日。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">24) </SPAN>《纽约时报》,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">12</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">10</SPAN>日。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">25) </SPAN>《纽约时报》,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">12</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">1</SPAN>日。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">美国囚犯比例再创新高。据《华盛顿邮报》<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">7</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">11</SPAN>日报道,美现有<SPAN lang="EN-US">230</SPAN>万名在押犯,占世界第一。美国司法部<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">12</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">11</SPAN>日公布的报告显示,到<SPAN lang="EN-US">2007</SPAN>年底,全美共有<SPAN lang="EN-US">730</SPAN>多万成年人处于被关押在监狱、看守所或处于缓刑或假释中,占美国成年人的<SPAN lang="EN-US">3.2%</SPAN>。<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">26)</SPAN>其中,年龄在<SPAN lang="EN-US">20</SPAN>至<SPAN lang="EN-US">34</SPAN>岁的黑人中,每<SPAN lang="EN-US">9</SPAN>人就有<SPAN lang="EN-US">1</SPAN>人是在押犯。<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">27)</SPAN>在押犯比例超过了美国历史上的任何时期,几乎是全球平均水平<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>每<SPAN lang="EN-US">10</SPAN>万人中<SPAN lang="EN-US">125</SPAN>人<SPAN lang="EN-US">)</SPAN>的<SPAN lang="EN-US">6</SPAN>倍。<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">28)</SPAN>据统计,美国犯人的重新犯罪率很高,有一半以上的人在<SPAN lang="EN-US">3</SPAN>年内因重新犯罪又被判入狱。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">囚犯的基本权利得不到保障。美国司法部<SPAN lang="EN-US">8</SPAN>月公布的信息表明,<SPAN lang="EN-US">1993</SPAN>年以来美国被法庭判刑入狱的人口比例增加,暴力犯罪人数占监狱总人数的一半以上。加利福尼亚州现有<SPAN lang="EN-US">33</SPAN>所监狱只可关押约<SPAN lang="EN-US">8</SPAN>万人,但却关押着<SPAN lang="EN-US">15.6</SPAN>万犯人,每名犯人平均生活面积仅为<SPAN lang="EN-US">6</SPAN>平方英尺。<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">29)</SPAN>马里兰州乔治王子县上马尔伯勒监狱是为<SPAN lang="EN-US">1330</SPAN>名犯人设计的,目前却关押着<SPAN lang="EN-US">1500</SPAN>名犯人。<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">30)</SPAN>狱警施暴致死事件不断发生。大赦国际<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年报告称,美国监狱和拘留中心普遍使用泰瑟枪对付被监禁者。自<SPAN lang="EN-US">2001</SPAN>年以来,已有<SPAN lang="EN-US">300</SPAN>人死于泰瑟枪电击,其中<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年就有<SPAN lang="EN-US">69</SPAN>人。据《华盛顿邮报》<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">7</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">25</SPAN>日报道,马里兰州乔治王子县监狱<SPAN lang="EN-US">10</SPAN>多个狱警有被捕记录,在过去的<SPAN lang="EN-US">7</SPAN>个月里,至少有<SPAN lang="EN-US">6</SPAN>名狱警被停职,另有<SPAN lang="EN-US">9</SPAN>名狱警在被指控犯罪后或有暴力行为后仍在监狱工作。<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">1</SPAN>月,一名警察用泰瑟枪击打因被指控贩毒而被捕的巴伦·派克斯<SPAN lang="EN-US">9</SPAN>次,导致其死亡。<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">31)6</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">29</SPAN>日,<SPAN lang="EN-US">19</SPAN>岁的龙尼·怀特在马里兰州乔治王子县监狱单人房间中被勒死。<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">32)</SPAN>据美国司法部<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">6</SPAN>月的最新统计,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2001</SPAN>年至<SPAN lang="EN-US">2006</SPAN>年,美联邦和各州监狱关押的犯人中有<SPAN lang="EN-US">1154</SPAN>人死于艾滋病。<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">33)</SPAN>一些监狱甚至成为精神病患者和吸毒者的避难所,每<SPAN lang="EN-US">10</SPAN>名犯人中有<SPAN lang="EN-US">6</SPAN>人患有精神疾病。<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">34)</SPAN>英国《经济学家》周刊<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">5</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">10</SPAN>日报道,美国是世界上少数几个剥夺重罪犯人权利的国家之一,一些州甚至禁止重罪犯人投票。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><B><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">三、关于经济、社会和文化权利</SPAN></B><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">美国人的经济、社会和文化权利缺乏应有的保障。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">美国贫富差距悬殊。据《纽约时报》<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">10</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">5</SPAN>日报道,在过去<SPAN lang="EN-US">30</SPAN>年中,美国收入和工资分配是所有高收入国家中最不平等的。最富有的<SPAN lang="EN-US">20%</SPAN>的美国人年均收入达<SPAN lang="EN-US">168170</SPAN>万美元,几乎是收入最低的<SPAN lang="EN-US">20%</SPAN>人口的<SPAN lang="EN-US">15</SPAN>倍,后者的年均收入仅为<SPAN lang="EN-US">11352</SPAN>美元。纽约市<SPAN lang="EN-US">1%</SPAN>最富有的人的收入占纽约市总人口收入的<SPAN lang="EN-US">37%</SPAN>,<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">35)64</SPAN>名亿万富人拥有财富达<SPAN lang="EN-US">3440</SPAN>亿美元,比<SPAN lang="EN-US">2</SPAN>年前该城市亿万富人的综合财富高出<SPAN lang="EN-US">469%</SPAN>。<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">36)</SPAN>联合国<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">10</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">22</SPAN>日的报告表明,包括纽约、华盛顿、亚特兰大和新奥尔良等美国大城市的贫富差距之悬殊堪比非洲城市,市民收入不均的比例非常高。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">贫困、饥饿和无家可归者增多。据美国人口普查局<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">8</SPAN>月公布的统计数字,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2007</SPAN>年,美国的贫困率为<SPAN lang="EN-US">12.5%</SPAN>,贫困人口<SPAN lang="EN-US">3730</SPAN>万人,比<SPAN lang="EN-US">2006</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">3650</SPAN>万人多出<SPAN lang="EN-US">80</SPAN>万人,其中生活在贫困线以下的<SPAN lang="EN-US">18</SPAN>岁以下儿童达到<SPAN lang="EN-US">18%</SPAN>,高于<SPAN lang="EN-US">2006</SPAN>年的<SPAN lang="EN-US">17.4%</SPAN>,<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">37)</SPAN>陷入贫困的家庭占<SPAN lang="EN-US">9.8%</SPAN>,达<SPAN lang="EN-US">760</SPAN>万户。全年共有<SPAN lang="EN-US">156</SPAN>万人年收入只达到贫困线的一半,占贫困人口的<SPAN lang="EN-US">41.8%</SPAN>。纽约市有<SPAN lang="EN-US">23%</SPAN>的人生活在贫困线以下。<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">38)<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">据《华盛顿邮报》和哈佛大学等机构<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年联合作出的一项全国性调查报告显示,金融危机使<SPAN lang="EN-US">80%</SPAN>的低收入工人难以支付燃油或存退休储蓄金,超过<SPAN lang="EN-US">60%</SPAN>的人难以负担医疗保险,<SPAN lang="EN-US">50%</SPAN>的人难以支付食品和住房费用。路透社报道称,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">9</SPAN>月,使用政府食物券购买食品的美国人数量创下了纪录,达<SPAN lang="EN-US">3150</SPAN>万人,比一年前增加了<SPAN lang="EN-US">17%</SPAN>。<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">39)2008</SPAN>年,<SPAN lang="EN-US">48%</SPAN>以上的纽约市居民在食物开支上遇到困难,比<SPAN lang="EN-US">2003</SPAN>年增加了<SPAN lang="EN-US">1</SPAN>倍,需要救济的人从<SPAN lang="EN-US">2004</SPAN>年的<SPAN lang="EN-US">100</SPAN>万增加到了<SPAN lang="EN-US">2007</SPAN>年的<SPAN lang="EN-US">130</SPAN>万。<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">40)68.8%</SPAN>的食品救助站表示已经没有足够的食品来满足需求。<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">41)</SPAN>美国<SPAN lang="EN-US">200</SPAN>多万户家庭还不起房贷。据<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">11</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">13</SPAN>日公布的报告显示,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">10</SPAN>月,全美丧失抵押房产赎回权的屋主比<SPAN lang="EN-US">2007</SPAN>年同期增加了<SPAN lang="EN-US">25%</SPAN>,全美被银行收回的房产超过<SPAN lang="EN-US">84000</SPAN>处。<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">42)<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">美国住房和城市发展部<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">7</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">29</SPAN>日公布,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2007</SPAN>年,露宿街头或住在收容所的长期无家可归者达<SPAN lang="EN-US">123822</SPAN>人。<SPAN lang="EN-US">2006</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">10</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">1</SPAN>日至<SPAN lang="EN-US">2007</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">9</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">30</SPAN>日,<SPAN lang="EN-US">160</SPAN>万人经历过无家可归和寻找收容所。<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">43) 2008</SPAN>年会计年度寻求紧急收容的人数比<SPAN lang="EN-US">2007</SPAN>年度增加了<SPAN lang="EN-US">1</SPAN>倍。<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">44)</SPAN>路易斯安那州、肯塔基州无家可归的家庭数量增加到<SPAN lang="EN-US">931</SPAN>个。在对美国<SPAN lang="EN-US">25</SPAN>个城市的调查中发现,有<SPAN lang="EN-US">19</SPAN>个城市的无家可归者在过去一年有所增加。<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">45)</SPAN>平均每天在华盛顿地区有超过<SPAN lang="EN-US">6000</SPAN>人无家可归。其中,有<SPAN lang="EN-US">47%</SPAN>的人长期无家可归。<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">46)<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">劳动者权利缺乏保障。美国的失业率居高不下。美国劳工部<SPAN lang="EN-US">2009</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">1</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">9</SPAN>日公布的数据显示,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年全年,美国失业率平均达<SPAN lang="EN-US">5.8%</SPAN>,远高于<SPAN lang="EN-US">2007</SPAN>年的<SPAN lang="EN-US">4.6%</SPAN>,是<SPAN lang="EN-US">2003</SPAN>年以来的最高点。就业岗位总计减少了<SPAN lang="EN-US">260</SPAN>万个,是<SPAN lang="EN-US">1945</SPAN>年以来减少幅度最大的一年。其中<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">12</SPAN>月,美国就业岗位减少<SPAN lang="EN-US">52.4</SPAN>万个,失业率上升到过去<SPAN lang="EN-US">16</SPAN>年来的最高点<SPAN lang="EN-US">7.2%</SPAN>。<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">47)</SPAN>长期失业人数<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>失业<SPAN lang="EN-US">27</SPAN>周以上<SPAN lang="EN-US">)11</SPAN>月达<SPAN lang="EN-US">220</SPAN>万人,在过去<SPAN lang="EN-US">12</SPAN>个月中增加了<SPAN lang="EN-US">82.2</SPAN>万人。<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">48)</SPAN>根据<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">12</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">9</SPAN>日的一个调查,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年美国人工作时间平均每周<SPAN lang="EN-US">46</SPAN>小时,比<SPAN lang="EN-US">2007</SPAN>年增加了<SPAN lang="EN-US">1</SPAN>小时,<SPAN lang="EN-US">4</SPAN>人中有<SPAN lang="EN-US">1</SPAN>人增加了工作时间;娱乐时间减少<SPAN lang="EN-US">16</SPAN>小时,比<SPAN lang="EN-US">2007</SPAN>年减少<SPAN lang="EN-US">4</SPAN>小时,是<SPAN lang="EN-US">1973</SPAN>年以来最少的。<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">49)</SPAN>在<SPAN lang="EN-US">25</SPAN>个州,半数非法散工得不到雇主的足额报酬或根本拿不到报酬。<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">50)2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">7</SPAN>月,明尼苏达州地方法院判决沃尔玛违反劳动法,未能给予在该州的沃尔玛员工提供充足的休息时间,并要求小时工超时工作。<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">51)7</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">23</SPAN>日,纽约州劳工厅宣布纽约皇后区锦顺衣厂被查出不支付最低工资和加班费,在过去<SPAN lang="EN-US">6</SPAN>年欠薪约<SPAN lang="EN-US">530</SPAN>万美元。<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">52)9</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">6</SPAN>日,约<SPAN lang="EN-US">27000</SPAN>名波音机械师举行罢工,要求提高工资和福利。<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">53)10</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">22</SPAN>日,美国联邦法官判决纽约曼哈顿西贡餐厅向<SPAN lang="EN-US">36</SPAN>名工人赔偿最低工资、加班费和违反劳动法的罚款<SPAN lang="EN-US">460</SPAN>万美元。<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">54)<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">26) </SPAN>合众国际社,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">12</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">11</SPAN>日。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">27) </SPAN>英国《卫报》,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">3</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US"> 1</SPAN>日。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">28)</SPAN>《纽约时报》,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">4</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">23</SPAN>日。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">29) Prison overcrowding blamed for health woes,in:http://www.sfgate.com</SPAN>。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">30)</SPAN>《华盛顿邮报》,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">7</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">25</SPAN>日。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">31) </SPAN>美国<SPAN lang="EN-US">CNN</SPAN>网站,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">7</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">22</SPAN>日。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">32)</SPAN>《华盛顿邮报》,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">9</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">23</SPAN>日。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">33) Number of state prisoner deaths,by cause of death,2001-2006,in:http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov</SPAN>。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">34) Jails bulging with people with mental illnesses,the homeless and people detained for immigration offenses;costing counties billions,in:http://www.justicepolicy.org</SPAN>。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">35)</SPAN>《纽约时报》,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">4</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">9</SPAN>日。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">36)</SPAN>《华盛顿邮报》,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">9</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">29</SPAN>日。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">37) </SPAN>路透社,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">8</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">27</SPAN>日。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">38)</SPAN>《华盛顿邮报》,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">7</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">14</SPAN>日。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">39) </SPAN>路透社,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">12</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">3</SPAN>日。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">40)</SPAN>《<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年纽约市饥饿经历报告更新版》。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">41) Survey shows impact of hunger crisis,in:http://www.nyccah.org</SPAN>。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">42)</SPAN>《侨报》,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">11</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">14</SPAN>日。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">43)</SPAN>《纽约时报》,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">7</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">30</SPAN>日。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">44)</SPAN>《世界日报》,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">10</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">22</SPAN>日。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">45) Advocacy Groups Fear New Wave of Homeless, in:http://ipsnews.net</SPAN>。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">46)</SPAN>《华盛顿邮报》,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">12</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">13</SPAN>日。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">47)</SPAN>《纽约时报》<SPAN lang="EN-US">2009</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">1</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">10</SPAN>日。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">48) Employment Summary,in:http://data.bls.gov</SPAN>。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">49) </SPAN>法新社,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">12</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">10</SPAN>日。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">50)</SPAN>《华盛顿时报》,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">7</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">8</SPAN>日。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">51)</SPAN>《侨报》,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">12</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">10</SPAN>日。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">52)</SPAN>《世界日报》,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">7</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">24</SPAN>日。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">53) In:http://news.bbc.co.uk/chinese/simp/hi/newsid-7600000<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">54)</SPAN>《侨报》,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">12</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">23</SPAN>日。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">职工养老金大大缩水。据<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">10</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">7</SPAN>日美国国会高级预算分析估计,美国的退休账户在过去<SPAN lang="EN-US">15</SPAN>个月里缩水了<SPAN lang="EN-US">20000</SPAN>亿美元,超过一半的人认为他们需要延长工作年龄。在过去一年,由于经济问题,有<SPAN lang="EN-US">20%</SPAN>的<SPAN lang="EN-US">45</SPAN>岁以上的美国人就有<SPAN lang="EN-US">1</SPAN>个停止将钱存入<SPAN lang="EN-US">401(K)</SPAN>、<SPAN lang="EN-US">IRA</SPAN>或其他退休账户。<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">55)</SPAN>美国打工族的<SPAN lang="EN-US">401(K)</SPAN>计划的平均数额由<SPAN lang="EN-US">2007</SPAN>年的<SPAN lang="EN-US">79000</SPAN>美元减少到<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">10</SPAN>月的<SPAN lang="EN-US">68000</SPAN>美元,下降了<SPAN lang="EN-US">14%</SPAN>。<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">56)<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">受教育权得不到保障。《美国人类发展报告》显示,<SPAN lang="EN-US">14%</SPAN>的美国人<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>约<SPAN lang="EN-US">4000</SPAN>万人<SPAN lang="EN-US">)</SPAN>读写能力不足,看不懂报纸文章和物品说明手册。<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">57)</SPAN>美国公共政策和高等教育全国中心<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">12</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">3</SPAN>日的报告表明,<SPAN lang="EN-US">1982</SPAN>年至<SPAN lang="EN-US">2007</SPAN>年,美国大学学费上涨<SPAN lang="EN-US">439%</SPAN>,而同期中等收入家庭的收入只增加了<SPAN lang="EN-US">147%</SPAN>。<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年秋,州立大学的学费上涨<SPAN lang="EN-US">6.4%</SPAN>。很多州计划在<SPAN lang="EN-US">2009</SPAN>年的预算中进一步大幅提高大学学费,佛罗里达和华盛顿州都计划上涨<SPAN lang="EN-US">15%</SPAN>至<SPAN lang="EN-US">20%</SPAN>。对于最贫困家庭来说,上一所公立大学一年的净开支占到平均收入的<SPAN lang="EN-US">55%</SPAN>,而在<SPAN lang="EN-US">1999</SPAN>年至<SPAN lang="EN-US">2000</SPAN>年这个比例为<SPAN lang="EN-US">39%</SPAN>。如果是上社区大学,这部分开支去年占到最贫困家庭平均收入的<SPAN lang="EN-US">49%</SPAN>,高于<SPAN lang="EN-US">1999</SPAN>至<SPAN lang="EN-US">2000</SPAN>年的<SPAN lang="EN-US">40%</SPAN>。<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">58)</SPAN>最贫困家庭的孩子中仅有<SPAN lang="EN-US">11%</SPAN>的人获得了大学学位,与之相比,在收入居前<SPAN lang="EN-US">20%</SPAN>的家庭的孩子中,这个数字则为<SPAN lang="EN-US">53%</SPAN>。<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">59)<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">享受不到医疗保障的人越来越多。<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">7</SPAN>月发表的《美国人类发展报告》称,美国人每小时在医疗保健方面的花费为<SPAN lang="EN-US">2.3</SPAN>亿美元,预期寿命却几乎比其他发达国家都短,排在第<SPAN lang="EN-US">42</SPAN>位。每<SPAN lang="EN-US">6</SPAN>个美国人就有<SPAN lang="EN-US">1</SPAN>人无医疗保险。美国人口普查局<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">8</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">26</SPAN>日发表报告称,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2007</SPAN>年美国没有医疗保险的人数达到<SPAN lang="EN-US">4570</SPAN>万人。<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">60)</SPAN>而美国<SPAN lang="EN-US">19</SPAN>个州已开始制定或提议在<SPAN lang="EN-US">2009</SPAN>、<SPAN lang="EN-US">2010</SPAN>财政年度削减针对穷人的医疗补助计划开支以及州级儿童医疗保险项目。<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">61)</SPAN>由于医疗费上涨,许多公司不为职工购买医疗保险。全国独立经营协会<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">3</SPAN>月的调查显示,只有<SPAN lang="EN-US">47%</SPAN>的小公司给员工提供医疗救助。<SPAN lang="EN-US">50</SPAN>人规模以下的公司中,只有<SPAN lang="EN-US">24%</SPAN>的公司为员工提供医疗救助。许多人因付不起医药费而放弃看病或治疗。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">美国吸毒和自杀等社会问题严重。美国使用过大麻和可卡因的人数全球领先。一项对<SPAN lang="EN-US">17</SPAN>个国家的<SPAN lang="EN-US">5.4</SPAN>万人的调查表明,<SPAN lang="EN-US">16%</SPAN>的美国人曾服过可卡因,超过<SPAN lang="EN-US">42%</SPAN>的美国人承认曾试吸食过大麻。<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">62)</SPAN>美国中年白人自杀率逐年升高。<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">10</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">21</SPAN>日发布的一项调查显示,在<SPAN lang="EN-US">1999</SPAN>年至<SPAN lang="EN-US">2005</SPAN>年美国自杀率每年增长<SPAN lang="EN-US">0.7%</SPAN>,<SPAN lang="EN-US">40</SPAN>岁至<SPAN lang="EN-US">64</SPAN>岁白人的自杀率每年增长<SPAN lang="EN-US">2.7%</SPAN>。中年白人女性的自杀率上升了<SPAN lang="EN-US">3.9%</SPAN>。<SPAN lang="EN-US">2007</SPAN>年圣路易斯市全年自杀人数共计<SPAN lang="EN-US">138</SPAN>人。截至<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">6</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">2</SPAN>日,该市共有<SPAN lang="EN-US">61</SPAN>人自杀,比<SPAN lang="EN-US">2007</SPAN>年同期增加了<SPAN lang="EN-US">15</SPAN>人。<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">63)</SPAN>巴尔的摩、底特律和新奥尔良市的自杀率都在升高。<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">64)</SPAN>美国年轻人患人格障碍症者居多。在美国,几乎有<SPAN lang="EN-US">20%</SPAN>的年轻人患有人格障碍症,近一半的年轻人有某种心理问题,并只有不到<SPAN lang="EN-US">25%</SPAN>的患有精神问题的年轻人能获得治疗。<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">65)<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><B><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">四、关于种族歧视</SPAN></B><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">在美国,种族歧视渗透到社会生活的各个方面。黑人和其他少数族裔遭受不平等待遇和歧视的状况依然存在。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">黑人和其他少数族裔生活在美国社会的底层。据美国人口普查局<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">8</SPAN>月公布的报告,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2007</SPAN>年全美家庭平均年收入为<SPAN lang="EN-US">50233</SPAN>美元,其中白人为<SPAN lang="EN-US">54920</SPAN>美元,拉美裔为约<SPAN lang="EN-US">38679</SPAN>美元,黑人为<SPAN lang="EN-US">33916</SPAN>美元,黑人和拉美裔家庭的年收入只相当于白人家庭年收入的<SPAN lang="EN-US">62%</SPAN>。其中,拉美裔的贫困率达<SPAN lang="EN-US">21.5%</SPAN>,高于<SPAN lang="EN-US">2006</SPAN>年的<SPAN lang="EN-US">20.6%</SPAN>。<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">66)</SPAN>另据美国城市联合会<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年发表的《美国黑人状况》报告,全美近<SPAN lang="EN-US">25%</SPAN>的黑人家庭仍然处于贫困线以下,全美约有<SPAN lang="EN-US">25%</SPAN>的非洲裔生活在贫困中,这几乎是白人贫困比例的<SPAN lang="EN-US">3</SPAN>倍。根据“有工作的贫困家庭项目”组织<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">10</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">14</SPAN>日发表的报告,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2006</SPAN>年,在白人工薪家庭中,低收入家庭占<SPAN lang="EN-US">20%</SPAN>,而少数族裔家庭中低收入家庭则占<SPAN lang="EN-US">41%</SPAN>。纽约市西裔、亚裔、非洲裔和白人的贫困比例分别为<SPAN lang="EN-US">29.7%</SPAN>、<SPAN lang="EN-US">25.9%</SPAN>、<SPAN lang="EN-US">23.9%</SPAN>和<SPAN lang="EN-US">16.3%</SPAN>。<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">67)</SPAN>移民住房难。据纽约市移民住房合作与社区发展普拉特中心<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">12</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">3</SPAN>日发表的报告,约有<SPAN lang="EN-US">25%</SPAN>的土生土长的美国人和约<SPAN lang="EN-US">31.5%</SPAN>的移民把一半的收入用于支付住房租金,而来自南美洲和墨西哥的移民租金分别达到其收入的<SPAN lang="EN-US">71.7%</SPAN>和<SPAN lang="EN-US">79.8%</SPAN>。<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">68)</SPAN>艾滋病威胁非洲裔美国人生命。据纽约市卫生局<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">8</SPAN>月发布的一份研究报告显示,在该市<SPAN lang="EN-US">2006</SPAN>年新感染的艾滋病者中,黑人占到<SPAN lang="EN-US">46%</SPAN>,拉美裔占<SPAN lang="EN-US">32%</SPAN>。<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">69)</SPAN>黑人妇女感染艾滋病的比例比白人妇女高<SPAN lang="EN-US">15</SPAN>倍。<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">70)</SPAN>目前,美国黑人艾滋病病毒感染者至少有<SPAN lang="EN-US">50</SPAN>万。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">就业方面种族歧视司空见惯。据美国劳工部统计,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年第三季度美国平均失业率为<SPAN lang="EN-US">6%</SPAN>,其中白人失业率为<SPAN lang="EN-US">5.3%</SPAN>,而黑人失业率为<SPAN lang="EN-US">10.6%</SPAN>,是白人的两倍。<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">71)</SPAN>据美国就业机会均等委员会统计,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2007</SPAN>年该委员会共收到关于平等就业歧视方面的指控<SPAN lang="EN-US">30510</SPAN>件。<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">72)2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">2</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">11</SPAN>日,一位非洲裔美国人控告美国广播公司及其母公司迪斯尼公司种族歧视,使他肉体遭受摧残、精神遭受折磨。<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">73)2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">12</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">5</SPAN>日,纽约州前州长斯皮策的父亲伯纳德·斯皮策被陪审团裁定犯有职场族裔歧视。伯纳德·斯皮策拥有的一栋公寓大楼的<SPAN lang="EN-US">4</SPAN>名前雇员称,只因为他们是黑人,<SPAN lang="EN-US">10</SPAN>年前他们被解雇,被肤色较浅的人所取代。<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">74)<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">教育领域种族歧视沉渣泛起。据美国城市联合会<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年发表的《美国黑人状况》报告,在教育方面,黑人的高中毕业率和大学入学率还停留在白人二十到三十年前的水平,非洲裔学生比白人学生更少获得高等教育学位。据报道,美国公立学校的非洲裔学生在学校遭受体罚的可能性比白人学生高很多,非洲裔女孩挨打的可能性是白人女孩的<SPAN lang="EN-US">2</SPAN>倍。<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">75)</SPAN>校园种族隔离日趋严重。据路透社报道,加州大学民权研究项目小组发表的报告说,美国黑人和拉美裔学生与白人学生的分离达到了自民权运动以来最严重的程度,<SPAN lang="EN-US">39%</SPAN>的黑人学生和<SPAN lang="EN-US">40%</SPAN>的拉美裔学生越来越多地被孤立于几乎没有种族融合的学校,一所学校里的黑人和拉美裔学生现在近<SPAN lang="EN-US">60%</SPAN>来自接近或低于贫困线的家庭。<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">76)<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">55)</SPAN>《侨报》,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">10</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">8</SPAN>日。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">56)</SPAN>《侨报》,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">11</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">25</SPAN>日。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">57)</SPAN>《侨报》,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">7</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">17</SPAN>日。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">58)</SPAN>《纽约时报》,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">12</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">3</SPAN>日。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">59)</SPAN>《纽约时报》,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">2</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">22</SPAN>日。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">60)</SPAN>《纽约时报》,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">8</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">27</SPAN>日。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">61)</SPAN>《侨报》,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">12</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">12</SPAN>日。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">62) WHO global drug survey finds high rates<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">of cocaine,marijuana use in U.S.,in:http://www.thebostonchannel.com</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">63)</SPAN>《华盛顿邮报》,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">6</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">2</SPAN>日。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">64)</SPAN>《基督教科学箴言报》,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">1</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">4</SPAN>日。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">65) 1 in 5 adults has personality disorder,in:</SPAN>。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">66) Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2007, Issued by the<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">U.S. Census Bureau in August 2008, in:http://www.census.gov</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">67)</SPAN>《世界日报》,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">10</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">14</SPAN>日。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">68)</SPAN>《侨报》,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">12</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">4</SPAN>日。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">69)</SPAN>《纽约时报》,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">8</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">28</SPAN>日。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">70) Hot docs:AIDS in America,criminalizing HIV,obama"s national security team,in:http://www.usnews.com</SPAN>。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">71) The Employment Situation: November 2008,issued by the U.S. Department of Labor, in: http://www.bls.gov</SPAN>。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">72) Charge Statistics FY 1997 Through FY 2007,in: http://www.eeoc.gov</SPAN>。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">73) Black worker hits ABC in racism suit, in:http://www.nydailynews.com</SPAN>。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">74)</SPAN>《侨报》,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">12</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">8</SPAN>日。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">75) US: End Beating of Children in Public Schools,in: </SPAN>。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">76) </SPAN>路透社亚特兰大,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2009</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">1</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">14</SPAN>日。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">司法领域种族歧视触目惊心。据美国司法部统计局<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">6</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">5</SPAN>日公布的数据,截至<SPAN lang="EN-US">2007</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">6</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">30</SPAN>日,关押在监狱里的黑人男子是白人男子的<SPAN lang="EN-US">6</SPAN>倍,近<SPAN lang="EN-US">11%</SPAN>的<SPAN lang="EN-US">30</SPAN>至<SPAN lang="EN-US">34</SPAN>岁黑人男子被关押在监狱里。人权观察<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年发表报告说,因谋杀罪被捕的非洲裔美国青年被判终身监禁不得假释的可能性至少是犯同样罪行的白人青年的<SPAN lang="EN-US">3</SPAN>倍,<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">77)</SPAN>在加州近<SPAN lang="EN-US">6</SPAN>倍。<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">78)</SPAN>据《纽约时报》<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">5</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">6</SPAN>日报道,虽然白人占使用毒品者的绝大多数,但以毒品罪入狱的黑人却占<SPAN lang="EN-US">54%</SPAN>,在<SPAN lang="EN-US">16</SPAN>个州,非洲裔美国人因毒品罪入狱的比例是白人的<SPAN lang="EN-US">10</SPAN>至<SPAN lang="EN-US">42</SPAN>倍。在<SPAN lang="EN-US">34</SPAN>个州,对毒品犯罪的指控中,黑人男子的入狱可能性是白人男子的<SPAN lang="EN-US">11.8</SPAN>倍,黑人女子是白人女子的<SPAN lang="EN-US">4.8</SPAN>倍。<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">79)</SPAN>据报道,黑人青年肖恩·贝尔在结婚当日被警察射击<SPAN lang="EN-US">50</SPAN>次死亡,但是三名警察却没有因此被判刑。<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">80)</SPAN>根据洛杉矶市警察局统计数据,洛杉矶市警员每拦截<SPAN lang="EN-US">100</SPAN>多个非洲裔居民和<SPAN lang="EN-US">100</SPAN>个拉丁裔居民,仅有<SPAN lang="EN-US">1</SPAN>名白人被拦截盘问。非洲裔和拉美裔人还遭遇勒令下车、搜身、推搡及拘留等。过去<SPAN lang="EN-US">5</SPAN>年洛杉矶市警局收到将近<SPAN lang="EN-US">1200</SPAN>封市民指责警员种族歧视的投诉案件,但没有惩办过一起。<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">81)</SPAN>联邦调查局的反恐调查也专挑穆斯林、阿拉伯裔和其他少数族裔为调查对象。<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">82)</SPAN>据美联社报道,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2009</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">1</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">1</SPAN>日凌晨,加利福尼亚州奥克兰的警察把手无寸铁的<SPAN lang="EN-US">22</SPAN>岁黑人男子奥斯卡·格兰特摁倒在地,强迫他面冲下趴在地上,然后,一名交通警察开枪打死了他。事件引发民众抗议,数百人<SPAN lang="EN-US">7</SPAN>日在奥克兰市区举行示威活动。<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">83)<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">土著人的基本权利受到侵犯。美国在美墨边境修筑<SPAN lang="EN-US">18</SPAN>英尺的隔离墙,严重影响边境地区阿帕切土著人的生活,土著妇女深受军队暴力之害。在华雷斯和其他边境城镇,超过<SPAN lang="EN-US">4000</SPAN>名土著妇女失踪或被谋杀。土著青年人口不到美国青年人口总数的<SPAN lang="EN-US">2%</SPAN>,但在美国被监禁的青年人中,土著青年竟占<SPAN lang="EN-US">15</SPAN>-<SPAN lang="EN-US">20%</SPAN>,<SPAN lang="EN-US">30%</SPAN>的土著青年被判最高刑期。<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">4</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">15</SPAN>日,南达科他州扬克顿·苏族土著人因不同意在其土地上建设高污染的养猪场而进行和平示威,<SPAN lang="EN-US">70</SPAN>余名县、州及联邦执法官、国土安全官员动用特警队、警犬、狙击手和直升机镇压了该和平示威,包括老人和儿童在内的<SPAN lang="EN-US">38</SPAN>人遭逮捕。美军在关岛部署军队,建海军和空军基地,占用了关岛三分之一的土地,当地查莫罗土著人深受二战美军遗留武器及美军核试验之害,患鼻咽癌的比例比美国平均水平高出<SPAN lang="EN-US">1999%</SPAN>。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">移民遭受非人道待遇。纽约市妇女卫理教联盟副秘书长哈丽雅特·奥尔森说,非法移民一旦被捕,往往遭受非人道待遇,很多时候,他们和刑事犯关押在一起,基本人权得不到保障,得不到基本医疗,每年各地都会有数十人死在拘留所。<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">84)</SPAN>人权观察<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">6</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">1</SPAN>日说,美国国土安全部羁押了<SPAN lang="EN-US">3</SPAN>万人,由于医疗条件糟糕、监管不足,过去<SPAN lang="EN-US">5</SPAN>年,在国土安全部监管中或释放后立即死亡的移民达<SPAN lang="EN-US">80</SPAN>多人<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">85)</SPAN>。据《纽约时报》报道,<SPAN lang="EN-US">1992</SPAN>年从香港来到纽约、成为电脑工程师的吴修瑞,因签证过期,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2007</SPAN>年被关进移民拘留中心,在新英格兰的<SPAN lang="EN-US">3</SPAN>个州的监狱和拘留中心来回囚禁,脊柱骨折,直到<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">8</SPAN>月死亡时,他的癌症在他被囚禁的数月里从未获得诊断或医疗。<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">86)</SPAN>自<SPAN lang="EN-US">2007</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">10</SPAN>月开始,移民局共拘捕超过<SPAN lang="EN-US">2900</SPAN>名非法劳工,但只有<SPAN lang="EN-US">75</SPAN>名雇主及管理人员面临指控,比例仅占劳工的<SPAN lang="EN-US">2%(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">87)</SPAN>。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">种族仇视日渐抬头。据美国之音报道,美国司法部<SPAN lang="EN-US">2005</SPAN>年底公布的一份研究报告显示,美国每年发生的仇恨犯罪案件大约为<SPAN lang="EN-US">19.1</SPAN>万起。<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">88)</SPAN>美国联邦调查局<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">10</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">27</SPAN>日公布的报告显示,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2007</SPAN>年全美共发生仇恨犯罪<SPAN lang="EN-US">7624</SPAN>起,其中<SPAN lang="EN-US">50.8%</SPAN>是基于种族歧视的犯罪,<SPAN lang="EN-US"> 62.9%</SPAN>的袭击者是白人。<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">89)</SPAN>据《芝加哥论坛报》<SPAN lang="EN-US">11</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">23</SPAN>日报道,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2000</SPAN>年美国有<SPAN lang="EN-US">602</SPAN>个种族仇视组织,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年上升到<SPAN lang="EN-US">888</SPAN>个。《波士顿环球报》<SPAN lang="EN-US">11</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">23</SPAN>日报道称,根据美国西北大学一位教授的研究,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2002</SPAN>年至<SPAN lang="EN-US">2007</SPAN>年,黑人男青年被谋杀的比例上升了<SPAN lang="EN-US">33%</SPAN>。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><B><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">五、关于妇女、儿童权利</SPAN></B><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">美国妇女儿童状况令人担忧。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">美国女性人口占全美总人口的<SPAN lang="EN-US">51%</SPAN>,但在目前第<SPAN lang="EN-US">110</SPAN>届美国国会中,女议员有<SPAN lang="EN-US">88</SPAN>名,其中参议院<SPAN lang="EN-US">16</SPAN>名,占<SPAN lang="EN-US">16%</SPAN>;众议员<SPAN lang="EN-US">72</SPAN>名,占<SPAN lang="EN-US">16.6%</SPAN>。截至<SPAN lang="EN-US">2007</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">12</SPAN>月,在美国州一级行政办公室任职的女性有<SPAN lang="EN-US">73</SPAN>人,占<SPAN lang="EN-US">23.2%</SPAN>;在州议会中,女性占<SPAN lang="EN-US">23.7%</SPAN>。截至<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">7</SPAN>月,在全美最大的<SPAN lang="EN-US">100</SPAN>个城市中只有<SPAN lang="EN-US">11</SPAN>名女市长<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">90)</SPAN>。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">基于性别的就业歧视相当严重。据美国就业机会均等委员会统计,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2007</SPAN>年该委员会共收到基于性别方面的就业歧视的指控<SPAN lang="EN-US">24826</SPAN>件,占<SPAN lang="EN-US">30.1%(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">91)</SPAN>。因为怀孕或者准备怀孕而受到雇主不公平待遇的妇女数量呈上升趋势。<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">92)</SPAN>妇女的平均收入低于男性。据美人口普查局<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">8</SPAN>月公布的统计数字,美国全职女性<SPAN lang="EN-US">2007</SPAN>年的收入为<SPAN lang="EN-US">35102</SPAN>美元,男性为<SPAN lang="EN-US">45113</SPAN>美元,女性收入为男性的<SPAN lang="EN-US">78%(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">93)</SPAN>。妇女失业率居高不下。到<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">11</SPAN>月,全美女性失业率为<SPAN lang="EN-US">5.5%(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">94)</SPAN>。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">美国妇女饱受家庭暴力和性侵犯之害。据统计,去急诊室看病的妇女中有<SPAN lang="EN-US">1/3</SPAN>是由于家庭暴力所致。妇女受性侵害严重。据报道,美国强奸发生率是世界上最高的,比英国高<SPAN lang="EN-US">13</SPAN>倍,比日本高<SPAN lang="EN-US">20</SPAN>倍。<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">95)</SPAN>美国针对原住民妇女的性暴力十分普遍。据大赦国际采访的一些原住民妇女们说,她们不知道在她们居住区还有哪个女人没有经历过性暴力。<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">96)</SPAN>据统计,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2007</SPAN>年美国就业机会均等委员会共收到有关性骚扰方面的指控<SPAN lang="EN-US">12510</SPAN>件,其中<SPAN lang="EN-US">84%</SPAN>是女性提出来的指控。<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">97) </SPAN>据《今日美国报》报道,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">10</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">28</SPAN>日的一份研究报告显示,派驻阿富汗和伊拉克的美国女兵中,大约每<SPAN lang="EN-US">7</SPAN>个前往老兵事务中心就医的人就有<SPAN lang="EN-US">1</SPAN>人在服役时受到性侵害或性骚扰。在这些受侵害女兵中,半数以上患有创伤后精神障碍。<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">98)<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">77) US: Uphold Treaty Against Racial Discrimination, in: http://www.hrw.org</SPAN>。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">78) The United States Was Not Forthcoming and Accurate in its Presentation to CERD,in: http://www.hrw.org</SPAN>。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">79) US: </SPAN>“<SPAN lang="EN-US">Drug War</SPAN>”<SPAN lang="EN-US"> Unjust to African Americans, in: http:// www.hrw.org</SPAN>。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">80) National Urban League urges U.S. Justice Department to prosecute acquitted officers<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">in Sean Bell shooting case,in: http://www.nul.org</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">81)</SPAN>《侨报》,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">10</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">21</SPAN>日。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">82)</SPAN>《明报》,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">7</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">3</SPAN>日。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">83) </SPAN>美联社,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2009</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">2</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">13</SPAN>日。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">84)</SPAN>《纽约时报》,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">8</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">12</SPAN>日。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">85) US:protect health of immigration,in: http://www.hrw.org/en/news</SPAN>。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">86)</SPAN>《侨报》,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">8</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">17</SPAN>日。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">87)</SPAN>《纽约时报》,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">7</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">1</SPAN>日。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">88) </SPAN>美国之音中文网,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">11</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">7</SPAN>日。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">89) FBI releases 2007 hate crime statistics,in:http://www.fbi.gov</SPAN>。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">90) Women serving in the 110th congress 2007-09.Center for America Women and Politics,in:http://www.cawp.rutgers.edu</SPAN>。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">91) Charge statistics FY 1997 Through FY 2007,in:http://eeoc.gov</SPAN>。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">92) Mom-to-be claim work bias,in:http://www.nydailynews.com</SPAN>。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">93) Current population survey,in:http://www.census.gov</SPAN>。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">94) The employment situation: November 2008.issued by the U.S. Department of Labor on December 5,2008,in: http://www.bls.gov</SPAN>。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">95) Occurrence of rape,in:http://www.sa.rochester.edu/masa/stats.php</SPAN>。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">96) Maze of injustice: the failure to protect indigenous women from sexual violence in the USA,in:http://www.amnestyusa.org</SPAN>。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">97) Sexual harassment charges EEOC & FEPA s<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">Combined: FY1997</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">-<SPAN lang="EN-US">FY2007,in: http://www.eeoc.gov</SPAN>。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">98) 15% of female veterans tell of sexual trauma, more than half of them experience stress disorder,in:http://global.factiva.com</SPAN>。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">生活在贫困中的美国儿童越来越多。<SPAN lang="EN-US">1/3</SPAN>以上的美国贫困人口是<SPAN lang="EN-US">18</SPAN>岁以下的儿童。据统计,到<SPAN lang="EN-US">2007</SPAN>年底,全美<SPAN lang="EN-US">18%</SPAN>的<SPAN lang="EN-US">18</SPAN>岁以下儿童生活在贫困中,高于<SPAN lang="EN-US">2006</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">17.4%</SPAN>的比例,女性单亲家庭的儿童生活贫困的比率更是高达<SPAN lang="EN-US">43%</SPAN>。<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">99)</SPAN>根据“有工作的贫困家庭项目”组织<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">10</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">14</SPAN>日发表的报告,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2006</SPAN>年,美国<SPAN lang="EN-US">1/3</SPAN>儿童居住在低收入的工薪家庭中。纽约市生活在单亲家庭中的儿童,有<SPAN lang="EN-US">41.6%</SPAN>处于贫困线以下。越来越多的美国儿童没有医疗保险。据统计,到<SPAN lang="EN-US">2007</SPAN>年底,全美<SPAN lang="EN-US">18</SPAN>岁以下儿童没有医疗保险的人数达<SPAN lang="EN-US">810</SPAN>万人,占<SPAN lang="EN-US">11%</SPAN>。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">美国学生的状况堪忧。据美国教育部统计,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2007</SPAN>年有逾<SPAN lang="EN-US">22.3</SPAN>万名学生被体罚,在美国公立学校有<SPAN lang="EN-US">20</SPAN>万学生在<SPAN lang="EN-US">2006</SPAN>至<SPAN lang="EN-US">2007</SPAN>学年挨过打,有<SPAN lang="EN-US">13</SPAN>个州每年体罚<SPAN lang="EN-US">1000</SPAN>多个学生。<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">100)</SPAN>而据美国公民自由联盟和人权观察<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">8</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">19</SPAN>日联合发表的报告,体罚学生在美国<SPAN lang="EN-US">21</SPAN>个州竟然是合法的。校园内酗酒、赌博、吸毒现象严重。<SPAN lang="EN-US">1999</SPAN>到<SPAN lang="EN-US">2005</SPAN>年间,有<SPAN lang="EN-US">157</SPAN>名大学生死于酒精中毒,<SPAN lang="EN-US">75</SPAN>万青少年嗜毒成瘾。<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">12</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">11</SPAN>日发表的由密歇根大学进行的少年吸毒调查报告显示,美国<SPAN lang="EN-US">11%</SPAN>的八年级学生、<SPAN lang="EN-US">24%</SPAN>的十年级学生、<SPAN lang="EN-US">32%</SPAN>的十二年级学生在过去一年中吸过大麻,<SPAN lang="EN-US">37%</SPAN>的十二年级学生在过去一年曾吸过毒品,而十年级和八年级的比例分别为<SPAN lang="EN-US">27%</SPAN>和<SPAN lang="EN-US">14%</SPAN>,比<SPAN lang="EN-US">2007</SPAN>年有所增加。<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">101)<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">儿童安全得不到保障。据美“保卫儿童基金”发表的<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年度报告,仅在<SPAN lang="EN-US">2005</SPAN>年,就有<SPAN lang="EN-US">3006</SPAN>名儿童和青少年被枪杀。另据美国休斯敦大学儿童、法律、政策研究中心的调查,美国每天有<SPAN lang="EN-US">8</SPAN>名儿童和青少年死于枪击,这相当于每<SPAN lang="EN-US">4</SPAN>天就发生一次弗吉尼亚校园枪杀案,每<SPAN lang="EN-US">3</SPAN>个小时就有<SPAN lang="EN-US">1</SPAN>名儿童死于枪击。<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">102)</SPAN>据报道,美国每年有大约<SPAN lang="EN-US">180</SPAN>万儿童失踪的报案,每年有超过<SPAN lang="EN-US">300</SPAN>万儿童被报案在身体、性、言辞、情感方面受到伤害、受到忽视、被遗弃甚至死亡,<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">103)</SPAN>每年大约<SPAN lang="EN-US">1500</SPAN>名儿童死于虐待。<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">104)</SPAN>青少年受性侵害现象严重。据报道,在<SPAN lang="EN-US">18</SPAN>岁以前,有<SPAN lang="EN-US">20%</SPAN>的儿童曾遭受过性虐待。<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">105)</SPAN>据美国司法部<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">7</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">31</SPAN>日的消息,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2006</SPAN>年,美国的少年犯管教机构共发生涉及青少年的性侵害案件<SPAN lang="EN-US">4072</SPAN>起,相当于每千名在押少年犯就有<SPAN lang="EN-US">17</SPAN>起性侵害案件。<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">106)</SPAN>得克萨斯州多妻牧场的一些女孩,有的甚至只有<SPAN lang="EN-US">12</SPAN>岁就被迫与中年男子结婚。<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">107)</SPAN>联邦疾病防控中心研究发现,全美<SPAN lang="EN-US">25%</SPAN>少女染性病,人数高达<SPAN lang="EN-US">300</SPAN>万人。其中,非洲裔少女患病率最高,近半数染病,白人和拉美裔少女为<SPAN lang="EN-US">20%</SPAN>。<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">108)<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">99) Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2007.issued by the U.S. census bureau in august 2008,in:http://www.census.gov<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">100) US</SPAN>:<SPAN lang="EN-US">end beating of children in public schools,in: http://www.hrw.org</SPAN>。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">101)</SPAN>《侨报》,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">12</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">12</SPAN>日。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">102) Children and teen firearm deaths increase for first time since 1994,in:http://www.children and the lawblog.com</SPAN>。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">103) Facts you should know about violence against children,in:http://www.loveourchildrenusa.org</SPAN>。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">104) Abuse more a risk in non-traditional families,in:http://usatoday.com</SPAN>。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">105) Facts you should know about violence against children,in:http://www.loveourchildrenusa.org</SPAN>。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">106) In 2005 and 2006 more than 4,000 allegations of sexual violence were reported in juvenile facilities, in: http:// www.ojp.usdoj. gov/bjs</SPAN>。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">107)</SPAN>《侨报》,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">9</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">23</SPAN>日。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">108)</SPAN>《星岛日报》,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">3</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">12</SPAN>日。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">美国是少数对未成年人处以与成年人一样刑罚的国家之一,也是世界上唯一可以判处儿童终身监禁而不能假释或释放的国家,目前全美有<SPAN lang="EN-US">2381</SPAN>名这样的囚犯,<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">109)</SPAN>其中,有<SPAN lang="EN-US">73</SPAN>人在犯罪时年仅<SPAN lang="EN-US">13</SPAN>至<SPAN lang="EN-US">14</SPAN>岁。在这<SPAN lang="EN-US">73</SPAN>人中,有<SPAN lang="EN-US">49%</SPAN>的人是非洲裔美国人,且大多数来自贫困家庭,没有获得足够的法律援助。无论这些儿童未来矫治成效如何,他们都无权获得假释,只能老死在监狱中。<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">110)</SPAN>联合国儿童权利委员会在<SPAN lang="EN-US">2007</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">4</SPAN>月做出一般性意见,认为对未成年人判处死刑或者没有获释可能的终身监禁违反《儿童权利公约》第<SPAN lang="EN-US">37</SPAN>条的规定。联合国人权事务委员会在<SPAN lang="EN-US">2006</SPAN>年审议美国履约报告时认定,对未成年人判处没有获释可能的终身监禁违反了《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第<SPAN lang="EN-US">7</SPAN>条和第<SPAN lang="EN-US">24</SPAN>条的规定。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">法官的贪赃枉法把数以千计的无辜儿童送进监狱。据西班牙《起义报》<SPAN lang="EN-US">2009</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">2</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">20</SPAN>日报道,美国宾夕法尼亚州有<SPAN lang="EN-US">5000</SPAN>名所谓的儿童罪犯,但其中有<SPAN lang="EN-US">2000</SPAN>人是因为两名法官的贪赃枉法而无辜入狱的。卢泽恩地方法院法官马克·恰瓦雷拉和迈克尔·科纳汉收受了建筑公司和私人监狱企业主高达<SPAN lang="EN-US">260</SPAN>万美元的贿赂,将很多无辜儿童关进监狱,其中大部分儿童都没有机会请律师进行辩护。现年<SPAN lang="EN-US">18</SPAN>岁的雅米内·奎因曾在<SPAN lang="EN-US">14</SPAN>岁时只因为她和一个朋友吵架、互打了一记耳光而入狱一年。雅米内被带到了一家儿童看守所,后来又先后被转入几家监狱中心。在狱中,雅米内被迫服用一些药物以在监狱中保持“顺从”。雅米内只是成千上万无辜儿童中的一个。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">美国非法使用童工现象严重。据美联社报道,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">9</SPAN>月,衣阿华州一肉类加工厂被控<SPAN lang="EN-US">9000</SPAN>多项非法雇佣童工并允许<SPAN lang="EN-US">16</SPAN>岁以下的儿童处理危险器械。衣阿华司法办公室说,其中包括<SPAN lang="EN-US">32</SPAN>名<SPAN lang="EN-US">18</SPAN>岁以下的非法移民童工,<SPAN lang="EN-US">7</SPAN>名<SPAN lang="EN-US">16</SPAN>岁以下的儿童。<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">111)<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><B><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">六、关于侵犯他国人权</SPAN></B><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">美国侵犯他国主权、践踏他国人权的事情时有发生。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">伊拉克战争造成逾百万平民死亡、逾百万人无家可归以及巨大财产损失。美国的黑水公司和戴恩公司两家公司雇用了<SPAN lang="EN-US">6000</SPAN>名私募警卫,伊拉克平民往往成为这些公司活动的受害者。根据<SPAN lang="EN-US">2007</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">10</SPAN>月美国众议院一个监督小组发表的报告,黑水公司的雇员自<SPAN lang="EN-US">2005</SPAN>年以来至少已涉及在伊境内<SPAN lang="EN-US">196</SPAN>起枪击事件,平均每周<SPAN lang="EN-US">1.4</SPAN>次。据报道,<SPAN lang="EN-US">84%</SPAN>的事件都是黑水公司雇员首先开枪。美国还广布监狱,虐待被拘禁者。人权观察<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">4</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">27</SPAN>日称,截至<SPAN lang="EN-US">2007</SPAN>年底,美国为首的多国部队在伊拉克拘留了<SPAN lang="EN-US">24514</SPAN>人<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">112)</SPAN>,平均每人被关押<SPAN lang="EN-US">300</SPAN>多天,被关押的所有伊拉克人都被剥夺了基本权利。<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">113)</SPAN>另据人权观察<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">5</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">19</SPAN>日发表的报告,自<SPAN lang="EN-US">2003</SPAN>年以来,美国在伊拉克拘禁了约<SPAN lang="EN-US">2400</SPAN>名儿童,包括年龄小到<SPAN lang="EN-US">10</SPAN>岁的儿童。美军还拘留了<SPAN lang="EN-US">513</SPAN>名“对安全构成紧急威胁”的伊拉克儿童,被拘留的儿童遭受虐待。<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">114)<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">美国对古巴进行长达近<SPAN lang="EN-US">50</SPAN>年的经济、贸易和金融封锁。据古巴外长佩雷斯介绍,美国的封锁给古巴带来的直接经济损失超过<SPAN lang="EN-US">930</SPAN>亿美元。每<SPAN lang="EN-US">10</SPAN>个古巴人中就有<SPAN lang="EN-US">7</SPAN>人从一出生起就经历这种封锁。<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">115)2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">10</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">29</SPAN>日,第<SPAN lang="EN-US">63</SPAN>届联大以<SPAN lang="EN-US">185</SPAN>票支持,<SPAN lang="EN-US">3</SPAN>票反对的压倒性多数第<SPAN lang="EN-US">17</SPAN>次通过《必须终止美国对古巴的经济、商业和金融封锁》决议,要求美国立即结束对古巴的封锁。这反映了国际社会对美国违反国际法和《联合国宪章》,严重侵害古巴人民生存权和发展权的强烈不满。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">美国是全球最大的军火销售国,其军售深刻加剧了世界各地的不稳定局势,严重侵害了他国人权。根据新美国基金会的报告,美国<SPAN lang="EN-US">2007</SPAN>年军售高达<SPAN lang="EN-US">320</SPAN>亿美元,比<SPAN lang="EN-US">2001</SPAN>年至少增长了<SPAN lang="EN-US">3</SPAN>倍,武器销往全球的<SPAN lang="EN-US">174</SPAN>个国家和地区。<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">116)<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">美国不断爆出虐囚丑闻。《华盛顿邮报》<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">9</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">25</SPAN>日报道,美国国防部解密的一份内部备忘录显示,美国审讯人员对囚犯实施戳、推和打耳光的举动不需负刑事责任。据《华盛顿邮报》<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">4</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">22</SPAN>日报道,美国在关塔那摩监狱审讯嫌犯时使用酷刑,包括不让嫌犯睡觉、注射药物、严刑逼供。人权观察<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">2</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">6</SPAN>日发表报告称,在关塔那摩监狱的多个“营地”,<SPAN lang="EN-US">270</SPAN>个被拘留者中有<SPAN lang="EN-US">185</SPAN>个被关在类似“超最大限度”监狱的场所,他们被剥夺了获得公正审判程序的权利。他们被极端限制与他人接触,一天<SPAN lang="EN-US">22</SPAN>小时在小囚室单独度过,仅有一点点或根本没有自然光和新鲜空气。<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">117)</SPAN>据美联社报道,自<SPAN lang="EN-US">2002</SPAN>年以来,<SPAN lang="EN-US">20</SPAN>多个不到<SPAN lang="EN-US">18</SPAN>岁的拘留者被带到关塔那摩监狱营地,遭受美军虐待。<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">6</SPAN>月,拘留时不到<SPAN lang="EN-US">18</SPAN>岁的穆罕默德·贾瓦德描述了他在<SPAN lang="EN-US">2004</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">5</SPAN>月被转到关塔那摩监狱时被剥夺睡觉的情形:他在<SPAN lang="EN-US">14</SPAN>天里被转牢房<SPAN lang="EN-US">112</SPAN>次,一个牢房待不到<SPAN lang="EN-US">3</SPAN>小时,就被戴上镣铐转到另一个牢房,而且经常在半夜至凌晨<SPAN lang="EN-US">2</SPAN>点之间转移,以便最大限度地打断睡眠。<SPAN lang="EN-US">(</SPAN>注<SPAN lang="EN-US">118)<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">美国消极对待国际人权公约和国际人权领域的义务。美国于<SPAN lang="EN-US">31</SPAN>年前签署《经济、社会和文化权利国际公约》,于<SPAN lang="EN-US">28</SPAN>年前签署《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》,于<SPAN lang="EN-US">14</SPAN>年前签署《儿童权利公约》,但迄今均未批准这些公约。《残疾人权利公约》是联合国在新世纪保护残疾人权利方面取得的最重要成果,各国极为重视,迄今已有<SPAN lang="EN-US">136</SPAN>个国家签署、<SPAN lang="EN-US">41</SPAN>个国家批准了公约,但美国未签署该公约。美国在联合国和国际上拒不承诺促进和保护土著人权利,不承认土著人享有自决权、土地、自然资源等权利。<SPAN lang="EN-US">2007</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">9</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">13</SPAN>日,第<SPAN lang="EN-US">61</SPAN>届联大表决通过了《土著人民权利宣言》,<SPAN lang="EN-US">143</SPAN>个国家赞成,美国是仅有的<SPAN lang="EN-US">4</SPAN>个投反对票的国家之一。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">美国在国际人权领域一贯顽固坚持双重标准,不履行国际人权义务。<SPAN lang="EN-US">2007</SPAN>年,联合国移徙者人权问题特别报告员访问美国,原定访问得克萨斯州哈托和新泽西州蒙茅斯拘留中心,该访问计划事先得到美政府批准,但后来美国政府在没有给出满意解释的情况下取消了这两场活动。<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年,联合国移徙者人权问题特别报告员发表访美报告指出,美国每年拘留<SPAN lang="EN-US">23</SPAN>万移徙者,是<SPAN lang="EN-US">9</SPAN>年前的<SPAN lang="EN-US">3</SPAN>倍多。美国驱逐程序中缺乏有关“非公民”的恰当程序,非公民没有能力质疑其拘留是否合法,是否时间过长。报告员指出:美国未能履行其国际义务,未能采取基于明确国际义务的全面协调的国家政策使生活在美国的<SPAN lang="EN-US">3750</SPAN>多万移徙者的人权成为国家的优先事项。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">美国向国外提供人道主义援助纪录与其世界头号富国地位极不相称。据西班牙一非营利性组织“发展援助研究机构”发表的报告,美国在向外国提供独立、公正、中立的人道主义援助方面是纪录最糟糕的国家之一。根据该报告,美向其他国家提供人道主义援助时往往与实现其军事或政治目标挂钩。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">尊重和保障人权是人类社会文明与进步的重要标志。各国政府都有责任致力于改善自身的人权状况。长期以来,美国将自己凌驾于其他国家之上,年复一年地发表《国别人权报告》对其他国家的人权状况进行指责,对别国进行干涉和丑化,而对其自身存在的严重的人权问题置若罔闻、熟视无睹。这种自己住在玻璃房里还向别人扔石头的做法,充分暴露了美国在人权问题上的双重标准和虚伪本质,损害了美国自身的国际形象。我们奉劝美国政府改弦易辙,正视自身的人权问题,停止在人权问题上搞双重标准的错误做法。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">109) The United States was not forthcoming and accurate in its presentation to CERD,in:http://www.hrw.org</SPAN>。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">110) </SPAN>美“公正司法倡议”<SPAN lang="EN-US">(EqualJusticeInitiative)</SPAN>组织统计。<SPAN lang="EN-US">In:http://eji.org</SPAN>。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">111) </SPAN>美联社,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">9</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">10</SPAN>日。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">112) UN</SPAN>:<SPAN lang="EN-US">tell us to end illegal detention practices in Iraq, in:http://www.hrw.org</SPAN>。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">113) America</SPAN>’<SPAN lang="EN-US">s Iraqi prisoners,in:http://www.hrw.org</SPAN>。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">114) US:Respect rights of child detainees in Iraq,in:http://www.hrw.org</SPAN>。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">115) Overwhelming International Rejection of US Blockade of Cuba at UN,in:www.cubanews.ain.cu</SPAN>。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">116) Study:US arms sales undermine global human rights,in:http://sfgate.com</SPAN>。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">117) New report finds treatment of detainees unnecessarily harsh, in:http://www.hrw.org</SPAN>。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 200%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注<SPAN lang="EN-US">118) The war on teen terror,in:http://www.hrw.org.B<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 200%"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></SPAN></P> </font>
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